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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00843D; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia"><span style="color:white;"><small>Politics of</small><br>Australia</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#222; text-align:center;">

<a href="Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Monarchy" title="Monarchy"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Monarchy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><b><a href="Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><b><a href="Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Sam_Mostyn" title="Sam Mostyn">Sam Mostyn</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Australian_Government" title="Australian Government"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Executive</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><b><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

<ul><li><b><a href="Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">Ministry</a></li>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Legislature</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><b><a href="Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a></b></li></ul>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="President of the Australian Senate">President</a> <a href="Sue_Lines" title="Sue Lines">Sue Lines</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><b><a href="Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="Milton_Dick" title="Milton Dick">Milton Dick</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="Tony_Burke" title="Tony Burke">Tony Burke</a> (ALP)</li></ul>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Opposition</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader</a> <a href="Sussan_Ley" title="Sussan Ley">Sussan Ley</a> (LP)</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Shadow_ministry_of_Sussan_Ley" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow ministry of Sussan Ley">Shadow Ministry</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><b><a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Chief_Justice_of_the_High_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="Stephen_Gageler" title="Stephen Gageler">Stephen Gageler</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Patrick_Keane" title="Patrick Keane">Keane</a></li>

<li><a href="Michelle_Gordon" title="Michelle Gordon">Gordon</a></li>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="Debra_Mortimer" title="Debra Mortimer">Debra Mortimer</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_judges_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Federal Court of Australia">List of Judges</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><b><a href="Federal_Circuit_and_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia">Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_judges_of_the_Family_Court_of_Australia" title="List of judges of the Family Court of Australia">Chief Justice</a> <a href="Will_Alstergren" title="Will Alstergren">Will Alstergren</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Judiciary_of_Australia#Australian_court_hierarchy" title="Judiciary of Australia">State and territory courts</a></li>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><b>Recent elections</b></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Federal electoral system</a></li>

<li><a href="Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electoral divisions</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums and plebiscites</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Voter_registration_in_Australia" title="Voter registration in Australia">Voter registration</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Political funding</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">States and territories</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and administrators</a></li>

<li><a href="Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and chief ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and assemblies</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Judiciary_of_Australia#State_and_territory_courts_and_tribunals" title="Judiciary of Australia">State courts</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories">State electoral systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<li><a href="List_of_local_government_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of local government political parties in Australia">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade">Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="Penny_Wong" title="Penny Wong">Penny Wong</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Australia">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Australia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Australia">in Australia</a></li></ul>

<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_passport" title="Australian passport">Passports</a></li>

<li><a href="Visa_requirements_for_Australian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Australian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li>

<li><a href="Visa_policy_of_Australia" title="Visa policy of Australia">Visa policy</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Australia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Australia and the United Nations">Australia and the United Nations</a></li></ul>

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<hr>

<ul><li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Australia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Australia–Canada relations">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">India</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCD00; color:#222;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Ideologies</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li>

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<li><a href="Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li>

<li><a href="Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Monarchism_in_Australia" title="Monarchism in Australia">Monarchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiculturalism_in_Australia" title="Multiculturalism in Australia">Multiculturalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<p>A <b>double dissolution</b> is a procedure permitted under the <a href="Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Australian Constitution</a> to resolve deadlocks in the <a href="Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> between the <a href="Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> (<a href="Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>) and the <a href="Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> (<a href="Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>). A double dissolution is the only circumstance in which the entire Senate can be dissolved.

</p><p>Similar to the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, but unlike the <a href="Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a>, Australia's two parliamentary houses generally have almost equal legislative power (the Senate may reject outright but cannot amend appropriation (money) bills, which must originate in the House of Representatives). Governments, which are formed in the House of Representatives, can be frustrated by a Senate determined to reject their legislation.

</p><p>If the conditions (called a trigger) are satisfied, the <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a> can advise the <a href="Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">governor-general</a> to dissolve both houses of Parliament and call a full election. If, after the election, the legislation that triggered the double dissolution is still not passed by the two houses, then a <a href="Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">joint sitting of the two houses of parliament</a> can be called to vote on the legislation. If the legislation is passed by the joint sitting, it is deemed to have passed both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The <a href="Joint_Sitting_of_the_Australian_Parliament_of_1974" title="Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974">1974 joint sitting</a> remains the only occurrence in federal Australian history.

</p><p>Historically, a double dissolution election has been called in lieu of an early election, with the formal trigger bill not playing a significant role during the subsequent election campaign.

</p><p>There are also similar double dissolution provisions in the <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> state constitution.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_basis">Constitutional basis</h2></div>

<p>Part of <a href="Section_57_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 57 of the Constitution of Australia">section 57</a> of the Constitution provides:

</p>

<blockquote><p>If the House of Representatives passes any proposed law, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, and if after an interval of three months the House of Representatives, in the same or the next session, again passes the proposed law with or without any amendments which have been made, suggested, or agreed to by the Senate, and the Senate rejects or fails to pass it, or passes it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree, the Governor-General may dissolve the Senate and the House of Representatives simultaneously. But such dissolution shall not take place within six months before the date of the expiry of the House of Representatives by effluxion of time.</p></blockquote>

<p>Section 57 also provides that, following the election, if the Senate a third time rejects the bill or bills that were the subject of the double dissolution, the Governor-General may convene a joint sitting of the two houses to consider the bill or bills, including any amendments which have been previously proposed in either house, or any new amendments. If a bill is passed by an <a href="Absolute_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute majority">absolute majority</a> of the total membership of the joint sitting, it is treated as though it had been passed separately by both houses, and is presented for royal assent. The only time this procedure was invoked was in the <a href="Joint_Sitting_of_the_Australian_Parliament_of_1974" title="Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974">1974 joint sitting</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trigger_event">Trigger event</h2></div>

<p>The double dissolution provision comes into play if the Senate and House twice fail to agree on a piece of legislation (in section 57 called a "proposed law", and commonly referred to as a "trigger"). When one or more such triggers exist, the Governor-General may dissolve both the House and Senate – pursuant to section 57 of the Constitution – and issue writs for an election in which every seat in the Parliament is contested.

</p><p>The conditions stipulated by section 57 of the Constitution are:

</p>

<ul><li>The trigger bill originated in the House of Representatives.</li>

<li>Three months elapsed between the two rejections of the bill by the Senate ("rejection" in this context can extend to the Senate's failure to pass the bill, or to the Senate passing it with amendments to which the House of Representatives will not agree).</li>

<li>The second rejection occurred in the same <a href="Legislative_session#Australia" title="Legislative session">session</a> as the first, or the subsequent session, but no later.</li></ul>

<p>There is no similar provision for resolving deadlocks with respect to bills that have originated in the Senate and are blocked in the House of Representatives.

</p><p>Though the Constitution refers to possible actions by the Governor-General, it had long been presumed that convention required the Governor-General to act only on the advice of the <a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> and the <a href="Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a>. However, as the <a href="1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 constitutional crisis</a> demonstrated, the Governor-General is not compelled to follow the Prime Minister's advice. In these cases, he or she must be personally satisfied that the conditions specified in the Constitution apply, and is entitled to seek additional information or advice before coming to a decision.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice_and_misconceptions">Practice and misconceptions</h2></div>

<p>As a High Court Chief Justice <a href="Garfield_Barwick" title="Garfield Barwick">Barwick</a> observed in a unanimous decision in <i>Cormack v Cope (Joint Sittings Case)</i> (1974)<sup id="cite_ref-Cormack_v_Cope_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cormack_v_Cope-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with emphasis added):

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div><ol start="8"><li>When the two Houses have so far disagreed, the proposed law passed by the House of Representatives having been twice rejected by the Senate (throughout these reasons I shall include in the word "reject" or "rejection" the failure to pass or a passage with amendments unacceptable to the House of Representatives), an appropriate period of time having elapsed between the first rejection and its second passage by the House of Representatives, the Governor-General is empowered to dissolve both Houses at the same time. The power given by s. 5 of the Constitution is only a power to dissolve the House of Representatives. The dissolution of the Senate can only be effected by action pursuant to s. 57. The basis of this power of dissolving the Senate along with the House of Representatives is described in the first paragraph of s. 57. <i>It seems to have been thought that, when exercising this power, the Governor-General dissolves both Houses in respect of or in relation to some specific proposed law which has thus been twice rejected by the Senate in accordance with the prescription of the first paragraph of s. 57. But this, to my mind, is a basic misconception. Whilst it is true that there must have been in fact the required rejection of a proposed law by the Senate before the Governor-General may lawfully dissolve both Houses he does not dissolve the Houses in relation to or in respect of any particular law. He merely dissolves the Houses</i>. (at p. 450)</li><li>The means by which the Governor-General makes known his act of dissolution is by a proclamation. <i>It seems that such a proclamation customarily contains a recital to the effect that some specific proposed law, or on this occasion specific proposed laws, has or have been rejected as required by s. 57. But, in my opinion, such a recital referring to a specific proposed law is quite unnecessary. Indeed, it may be apt to be misleading.</i> In the first place, it is not given to the Governor-General to decide whether or not in fact the occasion for the exercise of the power of double dissolution has arisen. In my opinion, only this Court may decide that fact if it comes into question. But of course, the Governor-General must make up his own mind whether the occasion has arisen for him to exercise his power of double dissolution and he may recite that it has. But what he determines for himself is in no wise binding. To recite that a specific proposed law or specific proposed laws has or have in fact satisfied the prescription of s. 57 may tend to give the impression that the Governor-General is deciding that matter of fact. Secondly, such a recital tends to give support to what I consider the misconception that the dissolution is in respect of or in relation to a specific proposed law or specific proposed laws. (at p. 450)</li></ol></div>

</blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>There have been seven double dissolutions: in <a href="1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">1914</a>, <a href="1951_Australian_federal_election" title="1951 Australian federal election">1951</a>, <a href="1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">1974</a>, <a href="1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">1975</a>, <a href="1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">1983</a>, <a href="1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">1987</a> and <a href="2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016</a>. However, a <a href="Joint_Sitting_of_the_Australian_Parliament_of_1974" title="Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974">joint sitting</a> following a double dissolution pursuant to section 57 has only taken place once, in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>In 1914, the <a href="Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a> <a href="Commonwealth_Liberal_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Liberal Party">Commonwealth Liberal Party</a> sought to abolish preferential employment for trade union members in the public service,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a double dissolution on 30 July 1914. In the <a href="1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">election on 5 September 1914</a> the government was defeated by the opposition, <a href="Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a>'s <a href="Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Odgers_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odgers-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bill was not pursued.</li>

<li>In 1951, the <a href="Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> <a href="Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>–<a href="National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> coalition government sought to reverse the proposed nationalisation of the banks put in place by the Australian Labor Party government led by <a href="Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeal was opposed by the Labor Party in the Senate. Parliament was dissolved on 19 March 1951. In the <a href="1951_Australian_federal_election" title="1951 Australian federal election">election on 28 April 1951</a>, the government was returned with a reduced majority in the lower house, but now with a majority in the Senate. The Commonwealth Bank Bill was presented to Parliament again on 26 June 1951 and passed both houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1974, the <a href="Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> Labor government was unable to pass a large number of bills through a hostile Senate. The government had announced a half-Senate election, but in the wake of the <a href="Gair_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gair affair">Gair affair</a>, Whitlam decided to call a double dissolution on 11 April 1974, citing six bills as triggers.<sup id="cite_ref-1974bills_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1974bills-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bills included representation of the territories and for the setting up of <a href="Medicare_(Australia)" title="Medicare (Australia)">Medibank</a>. At the <a href="1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">election of 18 May 1974</a>, the government was returned, but still without a majority in the Senate. Sir <a href="Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>'s term as Governor-General ended on 11 July and the new Governor-General <a href="John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">Sir John Kerr</a> took office. The trigger bills were reintroduced and again rejected by the Senate and on 30 July Kerr approved Whitlam's request for a <a href="Joint_Sitting_of_the_Australian_Parliament_of_1974" title="Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974">joint sitting</a>. The coalition parties applied to the <a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a> on 1 August to prevent the joint sitting. One of the grounds was that the dissolution writs did not set out which "proposed laws" were the subject of the dissolution and that only one bill could be dealt with at a joint sitting. The court delivered a unanimous decision on 5 August 1974 and ruled that the sitting was constitutionally valid, that the joint sitting may deal with any number of trigger bills, and that provided the circumstances set out in section 57 had been satisfied then the Governor-General need not specify which "proposed laws" were to be the subject of a future joint sitting.<sup id="cite_ref-Cormack_v_Cope_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cormack_v_Cope-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The joint sitting took place on 6–7 August 1974, and it passed the 6 trigger bills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1974_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1974-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirteen months later, four states challenged the validity of various laws passed in the joints sitting. The High Court upheld the validity of the <i>Senate (Representation of Territories) Act</i> 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2)</i> 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Representation Act</i> 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WA_v_Cth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WA_v_Cth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Petroleum and Minerals Authority Act</i> 1973<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was challenged on the grounds that there had not been the required 3 month gap between the Senate's first and second rejections of that Act. The High Court ruled that the Act was not eligible for the double dissolution process, as the Senate had not had sufficient time to "fail to pass" it.<sup id="cite_ref-Vic_v_Cth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vic_v_Cth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In 1975, the Whitlam government was again frustrated by a hostile Senate. The government had accumulated a total of 21 trigger bills,<sup id="cite_ref-1975bills_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1975bills-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not call for a double dissolution. However, the Whitlam government was unable to obtain passage of appropriation bills through the hostile Senate, leading to the <a href="1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a>. On 11 November 1975, in an attempt to break the deadlock, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate election, but instead was dismissed by the Governor-General, <a href="John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">Sir John Kerr</a>, who then appointed <a href="Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>, the Leader of the Liberal-Country coalition Opposition, caretaker Prime Minister. The Fraser minority government immediately passed the Supply bills through the Senate before losing a <a href="No-confidence_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="No-confidence motion">no-confidence motion</a> in the House of Representatives. Kerr then dissolved both houses of Parliament on the advice of the new Prime Minister citing the trigger bills, even though Fraser had opposed the bills. Fraser remained the caretaker Prime Minister during the election campaign. In the <a href="1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">election on 13 December 1975</a> the Fraser government was elected with a majority in both houses<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the trigger bills were not brought up after the election.</li>

<li>On 3 February 1983, Malcolm Fraser called a double dissolution, citing 13 trigger bills.<sup id="cite_ref-1983bills_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983bills-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Fraser called the election, he expected he would be facing <a href="Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Bill Hayden</a> as the alternative prime minister. But unbeknown to Fraser, Labor had changed leadership from Hayden to <a href="Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> earlier that same morning. The Fraser coalition government was defeated by the Labor Opposition led by Hawke at the <a href="1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">election on 5 March 1983</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bills lapsed. Fraser is the only prime minister to have advised two double dissolutions (1975 and 1983).</li>

<li>On 5 June 1987, Bob Hawke called a double dissolution after the rejection of the <a href="Australia_Card" title="Australia Card">Australia Card Bill 1986</a>. The government was returned at the <a href="1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">election of 11 July 1987</a>, but still without a Senate majority. The bill was reintroduced in September 1987, and a vote in the Senate was planned for 7 October. A retired public servant, <a href="Ewart_Smith" title="Ewart Smith">Ewart Smith</a>, said that the Australia Card Bill was unworkable because the implementation date would have needed to be the subject of a regulation, which would have required the concurrence of the Senate alone, which was hostile to the legislation. Even if the bill had been passed by the parliament at a joint sitting, the Opposition could still have prevented it from being implemented as long as it held a majority in the Senate. In these circumstances, Hawke decided to abandon the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Clarke_1987_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Clarke_1987-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1987_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1987-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="Ninian_Stephen" title="Ninian Stephen">Ninian Stephen</a> is the only Governor-General to have approved two double dissolutions (1983 and 1987).</li>

<li>On 8 May 2016, <a href="Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a> called a <a href="2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">double dissolution election</a> for 2 July 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing three of the four available trigger bills.<sup id="cite_ref-2016bills_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016bills-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trigger bills were reintroduced to parliament after the election and all were passed with amendments.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3></div>

<p>The following table is a summary of the relevant details:

</p>

<th>Election

</th>

<th>Trigger(s)</th>

<th>Governor-General

</th>

<th colspan="2">Prime Minister</th>

<th>Leader of the Opposition

</th>

<th>Result

</th>

<th>Bills subsequently passed</th>

<th>Relevant bills, circumstances and outcome

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><i>Government Preference Prohibition Bill</i> 1913</td>

<td><a href="Ronald_Munro_Ferguson%2C_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson</a></td>

<td><a href="Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Joseph Cook</a></td>

<td><a href="Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a></td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Government defeated</td>

<td>The Cook government was defeated and the bill lapsed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><i>Commonwealth Bank Bill 1950 [No. 2]</i></td>

<td>Sir <a href="William_McKell" title="William McKell">William McKell</a></td>

<td><a href="Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></td>

<td><a href="Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Government re-elected</td>

<td>The Menzies government was returned with a reduced majority in the lower house, but now with a majority in the Senate. The bill was presented to Parliament again and passed both houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Six bills<sup id="cite_ref-1974bills_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1974bills-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>Sir <a href="Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a></td>

<td><a href="Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></td>

<td><a href="Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Government re-elected</td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes"><a href="Joint_Sitting_of_the_Australian_Parliament_of_1974" title="Joint Sitting of the Australian Parliament of 1974">Joint sitting</a></td>

<td>The Whitlam government was returned, but still without a majority in the Senate. The bills were reintroduced and again rejected by the Senate. A joint sitting took place, where all the bills were passed. Subsequently, the High Court ruled that the Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill had not been eligible for the double dissolution process, as the Senate had not had sufficient time to "fail to pass" it.<sup id="cite_ref-Vic_v_Cth_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vic_v_Cth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>21 bills<sup id="cite_ref-1975bills_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1975bills-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td><a href="Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> (caretaker)</td>

<td><a href="Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Government elected</td>

<td>Culmination of the <a href="1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 constitutional crisis</a>. Fraser had opposed the bills as Leader of the Liberal-Country coalition Opposition. He had been appointed caretaker Prime Minister when the Whitlam government was <a href="1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">dismissed</a> by Sir John Kerr after being unable to obtain passage of its appropriation bills. The Fraser minority government immediately lost a no-confidence motion in the lower house; but Kerr dissolved the Parliament on Fraser's advice (a condition of his appointment). Fraser remained the caretaker Prime Minister during the election campaign. On 13 December the Fraser government was elected in its own right, with a record majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>13 bills<sup id="cite_ref-1983bills_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1983bills-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td rowspan="2">Sir <span class="nowrap"><a href="Ninian_Stephen" title="Ninian Stephen">Ninian Stephen</a></span></td>

<td><a href="Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a></td>

<td><a href="Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a></td>

<td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">Government defeated</td>

<td>The Fraser coalition government was defeated at the election,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bills lapsed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><a href="Australia_Card" title="Australia Card"><i>Australia Card Bill</i> 1986</a></td>

<td><a href="Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a></td>

<td><a href="John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Government re-elected</td>

<td>The Hawke government was returned, but the bill was abandoned after the election.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Three bills<sup id="cite_ref-2016bills_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016bills-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td>

<td>Sir <span class="nowrap"><a href="Peter_Cosgrove" title="Peter Cosgrove">Peter Cosgrove</a></span></td>

<td><a href="Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></td>

<td><a href="Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">Bill Shorten</a></td>

<td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Government re-elected</td>

<td>The Turnbull government was returned at the election, with a reduced and very narrow majority. All three bills passed with amendments after debate in the new parliament.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections">Elections</h2></div>

<p>A double dissolution affects the outcome of elections for houses of parliament using proportional representation over multiple elections, such as the <a href="Electoral_system_of_Australia#The_Senate" title="Electoral system of Australia">proportional voting system</a> for the Senate where each state normally only elects half its Senate delegation, but following a double dissolution, each state elects its entire senate delegation. The outcome is affected in two ways:

</p>

<ol><li>the <a href="Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">quota</a> for a seat is lower making it easier for smaller parties to win seats; and</li>

<li>Senators need to be allocated long-term and short-term seats.</li></ol>

<p>Neither of these issues arise in relation to the two territories represented in the Senate as each elects its two senators to a term ending at the dissolution of the House of Representatives.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quota">Quota</h3></div>

<p>Under proportional representation, the more seats there are, the easier it is for smaller parties to win seat. A double dissolution increases the number of available seats because all seats are contested in the same election. The following calculations refer to the current arrangements of 12 senate seats per state since 1984, however the calculations are similar for the period from 1949 until 1983 when there were 10 senate seats per state. The quota for the election of each senator in each Australian state in a full senate election is 7.69% (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{12+1}}}">

<mfrac>

<mrow>

</mrow>

</mfrac>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{12+1}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./5a2817ede034365094a47dc5aafc9eac7dcb2293.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:7.164ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{12+1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>), while in a normal half-Senate election the quota is 14.28% (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{6+1}}}">

<mfrac>

<mrow>

</mrow>

</mfrac>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

</mstyle>

</mrow>

<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{6+1}}}</annotation>

</semantics>

</math></span><img src="./5c4c7f41b1053ca2668fcc1a4e37b6cc23d0f2dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:6.001ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{6+1}}}" loading="lazy"></span>).

</p><p>While the threshold is lower for smaller parties, for more significant parties the distribution of candidates' votes as they are eliminated has a rounding effect. A double dissolution favours parties that have a vote significantly greater than a multiple of the required double dissolution vote and greater than a multiple of the normal quota. It disadvantages those that do not. For example, a party achieving 10% of the vote is likely to get one candidate out of six elected in a regular election (as minor parties' votes are distributed until they get to 14.28%) but the same party with the same vote is likely to have one candidate out of 12 elected during a double dissolution election (as their second candidate will be left with 2.31% and be excluded early in the count). A party with 25% is likely to achieve three candidates out of 12 during a double dissolution election (three candidates and 1.83% of the vote for their 4th candidate distributed to other candidates) and two out of six in a regular election (one candidate taking 14.28% and the second holding 10.72% remains standing until minor parties' preferences push the second candidate to a quota).

</p><p>Since the abolition of <a href="Group_voting_tickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Group voting tickets">group voting tickets</a> in the lead-up to the <a href="2016_Australian_federal_election#Senate_voting_changes" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 general election</a>, it is no longer possible to create "calculators" that assess the senate election outcome with reasonable accuracy. <a href="Antony_Green" title="Antony Green">Antony Green</a>'s working guide is that "if a party has more than 0.5 of a quota, it will be in the race for one of the final seats". His calculation of the percentage of primary-vote required for the first six full- and half-quotas at a double dissolution election are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<caption>Senate Quotas Ready Reckoner

</caption>

<th>Quotas

</th>

<th>% vote

</th>

<th>Quotas

</th>

<th>% vote

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>0.5

</td>

<td>3.8

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td>7.7

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>1.5

</td>

<td>11.5

</td>

<td>2

</td>

<td>15.4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>2.5

</td>

<td>19.2

</td>

<td>3

</td>

<td>23.1

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>3.5

</td>

<td>26.9

</td>

<td>4

</td>

<td>30.8

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>4.5

</td>

<td>34.6

</td>

<td>5

</td>

<td>38.5

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>5.5

</td>

<td>42.3

</td>

<td>6

</td>

<td>46.2

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</blockquote>

<p>Unlike the case of a normal half-Senate election, the newly elected Senate, like the House, takes office immediately. The Senate cycle is altered, with the next change of Senate membership scheduled for the third date that falls on 1 July after the election. The senators from each state are divided into two classes: the first class receive three-year terms and the second class receive six-year terms (both of these may be interrupted by another double dissolution). Thus for the Parliament elected in the <a href="1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">March 1983 double dissolution election</a>, the next two Senate changeovers would have been due on 1 July 1985 and 1 July 1988, while the term of the new House of Representatives would have expired in 1986. <a href="Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> decided to call <a href="1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">a regular federal election for December 1984</a> after only 18 months in office, to bring the two election cycles back into synchronisation.

</p>

<caption>Examples of seat allocations

</caption>

<th colspan="2">Normal six-seat Senate election<br><i>Quota 14.28% of votes</i>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Double dissolution 12-seat Senate election<br><i>Quota 7.69% of votes</i>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Party X (10% votes)</th>

<th>Party Y (25% votes)</th>

<th>Party X (10% votes)</th>

<th>Party Y (25% votes)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>One seat (assuming 4.28% in preferences received)</td>

<td>Two seats (assuming 3.56% in preferences received)

</td>

<td>One seat (remaining 2.31% distributed)</td>

<td>Three seats (remaining 1.93% distributed)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>One sixth of the seats (16.67% of seats)</td>

<td>One third of the seats (33.33% of seats)

</td>

<td>One twelfth of the seats (8.33% of seats)</td>

<td>One quarter of the seats (25.00% of seats)

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allocation_of_long-term_and_short-term_seats">Allocation of long-term and short-term seats</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia#Stalled_reform_on_allocation_of_terms" title="Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia">Stalled reform on allocation of terms</a></div>

<p>In order to return to the normal arrangement of half the state Senators being contested at each election, following a double dissolution, <a href="Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia">section 13 of the Australian Constitution</a> requires the senate to divide the state senators into two classes, with three-year and six-year terms. This has traditionally been done by allocating long terms to the senators elected earliest in the count. The <a href="Commonwealth_Electoral_Act_1918#1984_amendments" title="Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918">1984 amendments to the Commonwealth Electoral Act</a> required the Australian Electoral Commission to conduct a notional recount as if only half the seats were to be elected, which was seen as producing a fairer allocation. This alternative allocation has not yet been used. Following double dissolution elections in <a href="1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">1987</a> and <a href="2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016</a>, the order-elected method continued to be used, despite Senate resolutions in 1998 and 2010 agreeing to use the new method.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Australian_double_dissolutions">South Australian double dissolutions</h2></div>

<p>Under section 41 of the South Australian constitution, if a bill is passed by the <a href="South_Australian_House_of_Assembly" title="South Australian House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> during a session of Parliament and in the following Parliament after a general election for the lower house is rejected by the <a href="South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="South Australian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> on both occasions, it is permitted for the <a href="Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> to either issue a writ for the election of 2 additional members of the Legislative Council or to dissolve both houses at the same time to elect an entirely new Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the upper house consists of 22 members, with 11 elected statewide at each general election for an 8-year term at a quota of 8.33%, this would result in an election for all 22 members at a quota of 4.35%.

</p><p>Although it has been threatened, this South Australian double dissolution procedure has never been used.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system of Australia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joint sittings sometimes occur under different circumstances that have nothing to do with S. 57. For example, see <a href="Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament#Casual_Senate_vacancies_in_the_representation_of_the_Territories" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual Senate vacancies in the representation of the territories</a>. Also, the Parliament met in secret joint session on some occasions during World War II; and joint sittings were convened to receive an address by a visiting head of state or government prior to 2006. For comprehensive details, see <a href="Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-1974bills-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1974bills_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1974bills_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The six bills were:

<ul><li>Commonwealth Electoral Bill (No. 2) 1973</li>

<li>Senate (Representation of Territories) Bill 1973</li>

<li>Representation Bill 1973</li>

<li>Health Insurance Bill 1973</li>

<li>Health Insurance Commission Bill 1973</li>

<li>Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill 1973.</li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-1975bills-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1975bills_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1975bills_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 21 bills were:

<ul><li>Health Insurance Levy Bill 1974</li>

<li>Health Insurance Levy Assessment Bill 1974</li>

<li>Income Tax (International Agreements) Bill 1974</li>

<li>Minerals (Submerged Lands) Bill 1974</li>

<li>Minerals (Submerged Lands) (Royalty) Bill 1974</li>

<li>National Health Bill 1974</li>

<li>Conciliation and Arbitration Bill 1974</li>

<li>Conciliation and Arbitration Bill (No. 2) 1974</li>

<li>National Investment Fund Bill 1974</li>

<li>Electoral Laws Amendment Bill 1974</li>

<li>Electoral Bill 1975</li>

<li>Privy Council Appeals Abolition Bill 1975</li>

<li>Superior Court of Australia Bill 1974</li>

<li>Electoral Re-distribution (New South Wales) Bill 1975</li>

<li>Electoral Re-distribution (Queensland) Bill 1975</li>

<li>Electoral Re-distribution (South Australia) Bill 1975</li>

<li>Electoral Re-distribution (Tasmania) Bill 1975</li>

<li>Electoral Re-distribution (Victoria) Bill 1975</li>

<li>Broadcasting and Television Bill (No. 2) 1974</li>

<li>Television Stations Licence Fees Bill 1974</li>

<li>Broadcasting Stations Licence Fees Bill 1974.</li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-1983bills-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1983bills_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1983bills_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The 13 bills were:

<ul><li>9 Sales Tax Amendment Bills: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab11981231">No. 1</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab21981231">No. 2</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab31981231">No. 3</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab41981231">No. 4</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab51981231">No. 5</a> (Cth) ,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab61981231">No. 6</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab71981231">No. 7</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab81981231">No. 8</a> (Cth), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/stab91981231">No. 9</a> (Cth) 1981</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/ccoaeab1981365">Canberra College of Advanced Education Bill</a> (Cth)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/sgeaab21981580">States Grants (Tertiary Education Assistance) Amendment Bill (No. 2)</a> (Cth)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/anuab31981474">Australian National University Amendment Bill (No. 3)</a> (Cth)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/ssab31981283">Social Services Amendment Bill (No. 3) 1981</a> (Cth)</li></ul>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-2016bills-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2016bills_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2016bills_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The three cited bills were:

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/bacipb2013682">Building and Construction Industry (Improving Productivity) Bill 2013</a> (Cth)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/baciatpb2013842">Building and Construction Industry (Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Bill 2013</a> (Cth)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill/fwoab2013452">Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Amendment Bill 2014</a> (Cth)</li></ul>

</span></li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-Cormack_v_Cope-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cormack_v_Cope_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cormack_v_Cope_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cormack v Cope (Joint Sittings Case)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1974/28.html">[1974] HCA 28</a>, (1974) 131 <a href="Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 432 (5 August 1974), <a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government Preference Prohibition Bill 1913</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_21">"Chapter 21 – Relations with the House of Representatives"</a>. <i>Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</i> (14th ed.). Parliament of Australia. Simultaneous dissolutions of 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commonwealth Bank Bill 1950 [No. 2]</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1951_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice">Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</a>, Simultaneous dissolutions of 1951.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40376318">"Commonwealth Bank Bill re-submitted to parliament"</a>. <i><a href="Cairns_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns Post">Cairns Post</a></i>. 27 June 1951. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span> – via Trove.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1974-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1974_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice">Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</a>, Simultaneous dissolutions of 1974.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/sota1973408/">Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973</a></i> (Cth).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/cea21973260/">Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2) 1973</a></i> (Cth).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/ra1973186/">Representation Act 1973</a></i> (Cth).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-WA_v_Cth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WA_v_Cth_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Western_Australia_v_Commonwealth_(1975)" title="Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975)">Western Australia v Commonwealth</a> (First Territory Senators' Case)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1975/46.html">[1975] HCA 46</a>, (1975) 134 <a href="Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 201 (17 October 1975), <a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/pamaa1973364/">Petroleum and Minerals Authority Act 1973</a></i> (Cth).</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Vic_v_Cth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vic_v_Cth_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vic_v_Cth_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Victoria_v_Commonwealth_(September_1975)" title="Victoria v Commonwealth (September 1975)">Victoria v Commonwealth</a> (Petroleum and Minerals Authority case)</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1975/39.html">[1975] HCA 39</a>, (1975) 134 <a href="Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 81 (30 September 1975), <a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1975_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice">Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</a>, Simultaneous dissolutions of 1975.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1983_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice">Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</a>, Simultaneous dissolutions of 1983.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Roger_Clarke_1987-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Clarke_1987_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1987" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Roger (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerclarke.com/DV/OzCard.html">"Just Another Piece of Plastic for your Wallet: The 'Australia Card' Scheme"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1987-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdgers'_Australian_Senate_PracticeSimultaneous_dissolutions_of_1987_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers'_Australian_Senate_Practice">Odgers' Australian Senate Practice</a>, Simultaneous dissolutions of 1987.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/IPS/Documents%20relating%20to%20calling%20of%20the%20double%20dissolution%20election.pdf">Correspondence between the Prime Minister and the Governor-General concerning the double dissolution of Parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508072551/https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/IPS/Documents%20relating%20to%20calling%20of%20the%20double%20dissolution%20election.pdf">Archived</a> 8 May 2016 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2016</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2016/06/2016-senate-calculators.html">"2016 Senate Calculator Plus Tips on the New Senate Voting System"</a>. <i>Antony Green's Election Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-12/pauline-hanson-secures-six-years-in-senate/7730280">"Election 2016: Pauline Hanson secures six-year Senate term, Derryn Hinch has three years until re-election"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 12 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution Act 1934</i> (SA) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/sa/consol_act/ca1934188/s41.html">s 41</a> Settlement of deadlocks.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCombe2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Combe, Gordon Desmond (2009). <i>Responsible Government in South Australia</i>. Vol. One: <i>From Foundations to Playford</i>. Wakefield Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781862548626</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Martin, Robert (2009). <i>Responsible Government in South Australia</i>. Vol. Two: <i>From Playford to Rann, 1957-2007</i>. Wakefield Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781862548626</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_of_Australia171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Parliament_of_Australia171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a> (represented by the <a href="Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary<br>officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="President_of_the_Senate_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Senate (Australia)">President of the Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Clerk of the Australian Senate">Clerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Manager_of_Government_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Government Business in the Senate">Manager of Government Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_Senate" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="List of whips in the Australian Senate">list</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br>Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_House_(Australia)" title="Leader of the House (Australia)">Leader of the House</a></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Manager_of_Opposition_Business_in_the_House_(Australia)" title="Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia)">Manager of Opposition Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_whip_(Australia)" title="Party whip (Australia)">Whips</a> (<a href="List_of_whips_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="List of whips in the Australian House of Representatives">list</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_people_who_have_served_in_both_Houses_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="List of people who have served in both Houses of the Australian Parliament">Served in both houses</a></li>

<li><a href="Members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_represented_more_than_one_state_or_territory" title="Members of the Australian Parliament who represented more than one state or territory">Represented multiple states</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_longest-serving_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of longest-serving members of the Parliament of Australia">Longest service</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_politicians_in_Australia#Federal" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independents</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Members_of_the_Australian_Senate%2C_2025%E2%80%932028" title="Members of the Australian Senate, 2025–2028">Current</a> (<a href="Members_of_the_Australian_Senate" title="Members of the Australian Senate">previous</a>)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Australian_Senate_appointments" title="List of Australian Senate appointments">Appointees</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of<br>Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives%2C_2025%E2%80%932028" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 2025–2028">Current</a> (<a href="Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Members of the Australian House of Representatives">previous</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">Women</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

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<ul><li><a href="Chronology_of_Australian_federal_parliaments" title="Chronology of Australian federal parliaments">Chronology of Australian federal parliaments</a></li>

<li><a href="45th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="45th Parliament of Australia">45th Parliament of Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="46th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="46th Parliament of Australia">46th Parliament of Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="47th_Parliament_of_Australia" title="47th Parliament of Australia">47th Parliament of Australia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the throne</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_meetings_of_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Joint meetings of the Australian Parliament">Joint meetings</a></li>

<li><a href="Question_time" title="Question time">Question time</a></li>

<li><a href="Matter_of_public_importance" title="Matter of public importance">Matter of public importance</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading_(legislature)" title="Reading (legislature)">Readings of bills</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Australia">List of acts of the Parliament of Australia</a></li>

<li>Committees: <a href="Australian_Senate_committees" title="Australian Senate committees">Senate</a> | <a href="Australian_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="Australian House of Representatives committees">House of Reps</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Senate: <a href="Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></li>

<li>House of Representatives: <a href="Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">Two-party-preferred vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Electorates_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Electorates of the Australian House of Representatives">Electorates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Caretaker_government_of_Australia" title="Caretaker government of Australia">Caretaker government</a></li>

<li><a href="Court_of_Disputed_Returns_(Australia)" title="Court of Disputed Returns (Australia)">Court of Disputed Returns</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parliament_House%2C_Melbourne" title="Parliament House, Melbourne">Parliament House, Melbourne</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Parliament_House%2C_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_House%2C_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_Australian_Parliament_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office">List of members of the Australian Parliament who died in office</a></li>

<li><a href="Members_of_multiple_Australian_legislatures" title="Members of multiple Australian legislatures">Members of multiple Australian legislatures</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_Australia253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics_of_Australia253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> <small>(<a href="Shadow_cabinet_of_Australia" title="Shadow cabinet of Australia">Shadow Cabinet</a>)</small></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Executive_Council_(Australia)" title="Federal Executive Council (Australia)">Federal Executive Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Albanese_ministry" title="Second Albanese ministry">Ministry</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Opposition Leader</a></li>

<li><a href="High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Lower Courts</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Australian_federal_by-elections" title="List of Australian federal by-elections">By-elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Referendums_in_Australia" title="Referendums in Australia">Referendums</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_Australian_elections" title="Timeline of Australian elections">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li>

<li><a href="Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br>government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br>parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li>

<li><a href="Katter's_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauline_Hanson's_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br>terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li>

<li><a href="Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li>

<li><a href="Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li>

<li><a href="Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li>

<li><a href="Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardworking_families" title="Hardworking families">Hardworking families</a></li>

<li><a href="Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Langer_vote" title="Langer vote">Langer vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberal%E2%80%93National_Coalition" title="Liberal–National Coalition">Liberal–National Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Parliamentary secretary</a></li>

<li><a href="Playmander" title="Playmander">Playmander</a></li>

<li><a href="The_quiet_Australians" title="The quiet Australians">Quiet Australians</a></li>

<li><a href="Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Responsible government</a></li>

<li><a href="Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li>

<li><a href="Teal_independents" title="Teal independents">Teal independents</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_family" title="Working family">Working family</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Double_dissolution&oldid=1291084787">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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